Commit c8335bd7 authored by Barry Smith's avatar Barry Smith
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#
# NOTE! Don't add files that are generated in specific
# subdirectories here. Add them in the ".gitignore" file
# in that subdirectory instead.
#
# NOTE! Please use 'git ls-files -i --exclude-standard'
# command after changing this file, to see if there are
# any tracked files which get ignored after the change.
#
# Normal rules
#
.*
*.o
*.o.*
*.a
*.s
*.ko
*.so
*.so.dbg
*.mod.c
*.i
*.lst
*.symtypes
*.order
modules.builtin
*.elf
*.bin
*.gz
*.bz2
*.lzma
*.xz
*.lzo
*.patch
*.gcno
#
# Top-level generic files
#
/tags
/TAGS
/linux
/vmlinux
/vmlinuz
/System.map
/Module.markers
/Module.symvers
#
# git files that we don't want to ignore even it they are dot-files
#
!.gitignore
!.mailmap
#
# Generated include files
#
include/config
include/linux/version.h
include/generated
arch/*/include/generated
# stgit generated dirs
patches-*
# quilt's files
patches
series
# cscope files
cscope.*
ncscope.*
# gnu global files
GPATH
GRTAGS
GSYMS
GTAGS
*.orig
*~
\#*#
#
# This list is used by git-shortlog to fix a few botched name translations
# in the git archive, either because the author's full name was messed up
# and/or not always written the same way, making contributions from the
# same person appearing not to be so or badly displayed.
#
# repo-abbrev: /pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/
#
Aaron Durbin <adurbin@google.com>
Adam Oldham <oldhamca@gmail.com>
Adam Radford <aradford@gmail.com>
Adrian Bunk <bunk@stusta.de>
Alan Cox <alan@lxorguk.ukuu.org.uk>
Alan Cox <root@hraefn.swansea.linux.org.uk>
Aleksey Gorelov <aleksey_gorelov@phoenix.com>
Al Viro <viro@ftp.linux.org.uk>
Al Viro <viro@zenIV.linux.org.uk>
Andreas Herrmann <aherrman@de.ibm.com>
Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Andrew Vasquez <andrew.vasquez@qlogic.com>
Andy Adamson <andros@citi.umich.edu>
Archit Taneja <archit@ti.com>
Arnaud Patard <arnaud.patard@rtp-net.org>
Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Axel Dyks <xl@xlsigned.net>
Axel Lin <axel.lin@gmail.com>
Ben Gardner <bgardner@wabtec.com>
Ben M Cahill <ben.m.cahill@intel.com>
Björn Steinbrink <B.Steinbrink@gmx.de>
Brian Avery <b.avery@hp.com>
Brian King <brking@us.ibm.com>
Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Corey Minyard <minyard@acm.org>
Damian Hobson-Garcia <dhobsong@igel.co.jp>
David Brownell <david-b@pacbell.net>
David Woodhouse <dwmw2@shinybook.infradead.org>
Dmitry Eremin-Solenikov <dbaryshkov@gmail.com>
Domen Puncer <domen@coderock.org>
Douglas Gilbert <dougg@torque.net>
Ed L. Cashin <ecashin@coraid.com>
Evgeniy Polyakov <johnpol@2ka.mipt.ru>
Felipe W Damasio <felipewd@terra.com.br>
Felix Kuhling <fxkuehl@gmx.de>
Felix Moeller <felix@derklecks.de>
Filipe Lautert <filipe@icewall.org>
Franck Bui-Huu <vagabon.xyz@gmail.com>
Frank Zago <fzago@systemfabricworks.com>
Greg Kroah-Hartman <greg@echidna.(none)>
Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
Greg Kroah-Hartman <greg@kroah.com>
Henk Vergonet <Henk.Vergonet@gmail.com>
Henrik Kretzschmar <henne@nachtwindheim.de>
Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
Jacob Shin <Jacob.Shin@amd.com>
James Bottomley <jejb@mulgrave.(none)>
James Bottomley <jejb@titanic.il.steeleye.com>
James E Wilson <wilson@specifix.com>
James Ketrenos <jketreno@io.(none)>
Jean Tourrilhes <jt@hpl.hp.com>
Jeff Garzik <jgarzik@pretzel.yyz.us>
Jens Axboe <axboe@suse.de>
Jens Osterkamp <Jens.Osterkamp@de.ibm.com>
John Stultz <johnstul@us.ibm.com>
Juha Yrjola <at solidboot.com>
Juha Yrjola <juha.yrjola@nokia.com>
Juha Yrjola <juha.yrjola@solidboot.com>
Kay Sievers <kay.sievers@vrfy.org>
Kenneth W Chen <kenneth.w.chen@intel.com>
Koushik <raghavendra.koushik@neterion.com>
Leonid I Ananiev <leonid.i.ananiev@intel.com>
Linas Vepstas <linas@austin.ibm.com>
Mark Brown <broonie@sirena.org.uk>
Matthieu CASTET <castet.matthieu@free.fr>
Mayuresh Janorkar <mayur@ti.com>
Michael Buesch <mb@bu3sch.de>
Michael Buesch <mbuesch@freenet.de>
Michel Dänzer <michel@tungstengraphics.com>
Mitesh shah <mshah@teja.com>
Morten Welinder <terra@gnome.org>
Morten Welinder <welinder@anemone.rentec.com>
Morten Welinder <welinder@darter.rentec.com>
Morten Welinder <welinder@troll.com>
Mythri P K <mythripk@ti.com>
Nguyen Anh Quynh <aquynh@gmail.com>
Paolo 'Blaisorblade' Giarrusso <blaisorblade@yahoo.it>
Patrick Mochel <mochel@digitalimplant.org>
Peter A Jonsson <pj@ludd.ltu.se>
Peter Oruba <peter@oruba.de>
Peter Oruba <peter.oruba@amd.com>
Praveen BP <praveenbp@ti.com>
Rajesh Shah <rajesh.shah@intel.com>
Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org>
Ralf Wildenhues <Ralf.Wildenhues@gmx.de>
Rémi Denis-Courmont <rdenis@simphalempin.com>
Rudolf Marek <R.Marek@sh.cvut.cz>
Rui Saraiva <rmps@joel.ist.utl.pt>
Sachin P Sant <ssant@in.ibm.com>
Sam Ravnborg <sam@mars.ravnborg.org>
Sascha Hauer <s.hauer@pengutronix.de>
S.Çağlar Onur <caglar@pardus.org.tr>
Simon Kelley <simon@thekelleys.org.uk>
Stéphane Witzmann <stephane.witzmann@ubpmes.univ-bpclermont.fr>
Stephen Hemminger <shemminger@osdl.org>
Sumit Semwal <sumit.semwal@ti.com>
Tejun Heo <htejun@gmail.com>
Thomas Graf <tgraf@suug.ch>
Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
Tsuneo Yoshioka <Tsuneo.Yoshioka@f-secure.com>
Uwe Kleine-König <ukleinek@informatik.uni-freiburg.de>
Uwe Kleine-König <ukl@pengutronix.de>
Uwe Kleine-König <Uwe.Kleine-Koenig@digi.com>
Valdis Kletnieks <Valdis.Kletnieks@vt.edu>
Takashi YOSHII <takashi.yoshii.zj@renesas.com>
NOTE! This copyright does *not* cover user programs that use kernel
services by normal system calls - this is merely considered normal use
of the kernel, and does *not* fall under the heading of "derived work".
Also note that the GPL below is copyrighted by the Free Software
Foundation, but the instance of code that it refers to (the Linux
kernel) is copyrighted by me and others who actually wrote it.
Also note that the only valid version of the GPL as far as the kernel
is concerned is _this_ particular version of the license (ie v2, not
v2.2 or v3.x or whatever), unless explicitly otherwise stated.
Linus Torvalds
----------------------------------------
GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
Version 2, June 1991
Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
Preamble
The licenses for most software are designed to take away your
freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public
License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free
software--to make sure the software is free for all its users. This
General Public License applies to most of the Free Software
Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to
using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by
the GNU Library General Public License instead.) You can apply it to
your programs, too.
When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not
price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you
have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for
this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it
if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it
in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things.
To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid
anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights.
These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you
distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it.
For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether
gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that
you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the
source code. And you must show them these terms so they know their
rights.
We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and
(2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy,
distribute and/or modify the software.
Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain
that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free
software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we
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Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software
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The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and
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GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION
0. This License applies to any program or other work which contains
a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed
under the terms of this General Public License. The "Program", below,
refers to any such program or work, and a "work based on the Program"
means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law:
that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it,
either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another
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the term "modification".) Each licensee is addressed as "you".
Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not
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running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program
is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the
Program (independent of having been made by running the Program).
Whether that is true depends on what the Program does.
1. You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's
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conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate
copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the
notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty;
and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License
along with the Program.
You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and
you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee.
2. You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion
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a) You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices
stating that you changed the files and the date of any change.
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c) If the modified program normally reads commands interactively
when run, you must cause it, when started running for such
interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an
announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a
notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide
a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under
these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this
License. (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but
does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on
the Program is not required to print an announcement.)
These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If
identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program,
and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in
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distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based
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In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program
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license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by
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integrity of the free software distribution system, which is
implemented by public license practices. Many people have made
generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed
through that system in reliance on consistent application of that
system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing
to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot
impose that choice.
This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to
be a consequence of the rest of this License.
8. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in
certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the
original copyright holder who places the Program under this License
may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding
those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among
countries not thus excluded. In such case, this License incorporates
the limitation as if written in the body of this License.
9. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions
of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will
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Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program
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either of that version or of any later version published by the Free
Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of
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Foundation.
10. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free
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Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes
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NO WARRANTY
11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY
FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN
OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES
PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED
OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
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PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING,
REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
12. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING
WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR
REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES,
INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING
OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED
TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY
YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER
PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE
POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.
To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest
to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least
the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
<one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.>
Copyright (C) <year> <name of author>
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this
when it starts in an interactive mode:
Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) year name of author
Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate
parts of the General Public License. Of course, the commands you use may
be called something other than `show w' and `show c'; they could even be
mouse-clicks or menu items--whatever suits your program.
You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your
school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if
necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names:
Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program
`Gnomovision' (which makes passes at compilers) written by James Hacker.
<signature of Ty Coon>, 1 April 1989
Ty Coon, President of Vice
This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into
proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may
consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the
library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Library General
Public License instead of this License.
This diff is collapsed.
filesystems/dnotify_test
laptops/dslm
timers/hpet_example
vm/hugepage-mmap
vm/hugepage-shm
vm/map_hugetlb
This is a brief list of all the files in ./linux/Documentation and what
they contain. If you add a documentation file, please list it here in
alphabetical order as well, or risk being hunted down like a rabid dog.
Please try and keep the descriptions small enough to fit on one line.
Thanks -- Paul G.
Following translations are available on the WWW:
- Japanese, maintained by the JF Project (JF@linux.or.jp), at
http://www.linux.or.jp/JF/
00-INDEX
- this file.
ABI/
- info on kernel <-> userspace ABI and relative interface stability.
BUG-HUNTING
- brute force method of doing binary search of patches to find bug.
Changes
- list of changes that break older software packages.
CodingStyle
- how the boss likes the C code in the kernel to look.
development-process/
- An extended tutorial on how to work with the kernel development
process.
DMA-API.txt
- DMA API, pci_ API & extensions for non-consistent memory machines.
DMA-ISA-LPC.txt
- How to do DMA with ISA (and LPC) devices.
DocBook/
- directory with DocBook templates etc. for kernel documentation.
HOWTO
- the process and procedures of how to do Linux kernel development.
IPMI.txt
- info on Linux Intelligent Platform Management Interface (IPMI) Driver.
IRQ-affinity.txt
- how to select which CPU(s) handle which interrupt events on SMP.
IRQ.txt
- description of what an IRQ is.
ManagementStyle
- how to (attempt to) manage kernel hackers.
RCU/
- directory with info on RCU (read-copy update).
SAK.txt
- info on Secure Attention Keys.
SM501.txt
- Silicon Motion SM501 multimedia companion chip
SecurityBugs
- procedure for reporting security bugs found in the kernel.
SubmitChecklist
- Linux kernel patch submission checklist.
SubmittingDrivers
- procedure to get a new driver source included into the kernel tree.
SubmittingPatches
- procedure to get a source patch included into the kernel tree.
VGA-softcursor.txt
- how to change your VGA cursor from a blinking underscore.
accounting/
- documentation on accounting and taskstats.
acpi/
- info on ACPI-specific hooks in the kernel.
aoe/
- description of AoE (ATA over Ethernet) along with config examples.
applying-patches.txt
- description of various trees and how to apply their patches.
arm/
- directory with info about Linux on the ARM architecture.
atomic_ops.txt
- semantics and behavior of atomic and bitmask operations.
auxdisplay/
- misc. LCD driver documentation (cfag12864b, ks0108).
basic_profiling.txt
- basic instructions for those who wants to profile Linux kernel.
binfmt_misc.txt
- info on the kernel support for extra binary formats.
blackfin/
- directory with documentation for the Blackfin arch.
block/
- info on the Block I/O (BIO) layer.
blockdev/
- info on block devices & drivers
btmrvl.txt
- info on Marvell Bluetooth driver usage.
bus-virt-phys-mapping.txt
- how to access I/O mapped memory from within device drivers.
cachetlb.txt
- describes the cache/TLB flushing interfaces Linux uses.
cdrom/
- directory with information on the CD-ROM drivers that Linux has.
cgroups/
- cgroups features, including cpusets and memory controller.
connector/
- docs on the netlink based userspace<->kernel space communication mod.
console/
- documentation on Linux console drivers.
cpu-freq/
- info on CPU frequency and voltage scaling.
cpu-hotplug.txt
- document describing CPU hotplug support in the Linux kernel.
cpu-load.txt
- document describing how CPU load statistics are collected.
cpuidle/
- info on CPU_IDLE, CPU idle state management subsystem.
cputopology.txt
- documentation on how CPU topology info is exported via sysfs.
cris/
- directory with info about Linux on CRIS architecture.
crypto/
- directory with info on the Crypto API.
dcdbas.txt
- information on the Dell Systems Management Base Driver.
debugging-modules.txt
- some notes on debugging modules after Linux 2.6.3.
dell_rbu.txt
- document demonstrating the use of the Dell Remote BIOS Update driver.
device-mapper/
- directory with info on Device Mapper.
devices.txt
- plain ASCII listing of all the nodes in /dev/ with major minor #'s.
dontdiff
- file containing a list of files that should never be diff'ed.
driver-model/
- directory with info about Linux driver model.
dvb/
- info on Linux Digital Video Broadcast (DVB) subsystem.
early-userspace/
- info about initramfs, klibc, and userspace early during boot.
edac.txt
- information on EDAC - Error Detection And Correction
eisa.txt
- info on EISA bus support.
fault-injection/
- dir with docs about the fault injection capabilities infrastructure.
fb/
- directory with info on the frame buffer graphics abstraction layer.
feature-removal-schedule.txt
- list of files and features that are going to be removed.
filesystems/
- info on the vfs and the various filesystems that Linux supports.
firmware_class/
- request_firmware() hotplug interface info.
frv/
- Fujitsu FR-V Linux documentation.
gpio.txt
- overview of GPIO (General Purpose Input/Output) access conventions.
highuid.txt
- notes on the change from 16 bit to 32 bit user/group IDs.
timers/
- info on the timer related topics
hw_random.txt
- info on Linux support for random number generator in i8xx chipsets.
hwmon/
- directory with docs on various hardware monitoring drivers.
i2c/
- directory with info about the I2C bus/protocol (2 wire, kHz speed).
i2o/
- directory with info about the Linux I2O subsystem.
x86/i386/
- directory with info about Linux on Intel 32 bit architecture.
ia64/
- directory with info about Linux on Intel 64 bit architecture.
infiniband/
- directory with documents concerning Linux InfiniBand support.
initrd.txt
- how to use the RAM disk as an initial/temporary root filesystem.
input/
- info on Linux input device support.
io-mapping.txt
- description of io_mapping functions in linux/io-mapping.h
io_ordering.txt
- info on ordering I/O writes to memory-mapped addresses.
ioctl/
- directory with documents describing various IOCTL calls.
iostats.txt
- info on I/O statistics Linux kernel provides.
irqflags-tracing.txt
- how to use the irq-flags tracing feature.
isapnp.txt
- info on Linux ISA Plug & Play support.
isdn/
- directory with info on the Linux ISDN support, and supported cards.
java.txt
- info on the in-kernel binary support for Java(tm).
kbuild/
- directory with info about the kernel build process.
kdump/
- directory with mini HowTo on getting the crash dump code to work.
kernel-doc-nano-HOWTO.txt
- mini HowTo on generation and location of kernel documentation files.
kernel-docs.txt
- listing of various WWW + books that document kernel internals.
kernel-parameters.txt
- summary listing of command line / boot prompt args for the kernel.
kobject.txt
- info of the kobject infrastructure of the Linux kernel.
kprobes.txt
- documents the kernel probes debugging feature.
kref.txt
- docs on adding reference counters (krefs) to kernel objects.
laptops/
- directory with laptop related info and laptop driver documentation.
ldm.txt
- a brief description of LDM (Windows Dynamic Disks).
leds/
- directory with info about LED handling under Linux.
local_ops.txt
- semantics and behavior of local atomic operations.
lockdep-design.txt
- documentation on the runtime locking correctness validator.
logo.gif
- full colour GIF image of Linux logo (penguin - Tux).
logo.txt
- info on creator of above logo & site to get additional images from.
m68k/
- directory with info about Linux on Motorola 68k architecture.
magic-number.txt
- list of magic numbers used to mark/protect kernel data structures.
mca.txt
- info on supporting Micro Channel Architecture (e.g. PS/2) systems.
md.txt
- info on boot arguments for the multiple devices driver.
memory-barriers.txt
- info on Linux kernel memory barriers.
memory-hotplug.txt
- Hotpluggable memory support, how to use and current status.
memory.txt
- info on typical Linux memory problems.
mips/
- directory with info about Linux on MIPS architecture.
mmc/
- directory with info about the MMC subsystem
mono.txt
- how to execute Mono-based .NET binaries with the help of BINFMT_MISC.
mutex-design.txt
- info on the generic mutex subsystem.
namespaces/
- directory with various information about namespaces
netlabel/
- directory with information on the NetLabel subsystem.
networking/
- directory with info on various aspects of networking with Linux.
nmi_watchdog.txt
- info on NMI watchdog for SMP systems.
nommu-mmap.txt
- documentation about no-mmu memory mapping support.
numastat.txt
- info on how to read Numa policy hit/miss statistics in sysfs.
oops-tracing.txt
- how to decode those nasty internal kernel error dump messages.
padata.txt
- An introduction to the "padata" parallel execution API
parisc/
- directory with info on using Linux on PA-RISC architecture.
parport.txt
- how to use the parallel-port driver.
parport-lowlevel.txt
- description and usage of the low level parallel port functions.
pcmcia/
- info on the Linux PCMCIA driver.
pi-futex.txt
- documentation on lightweight PI-futexes.
pnp.txt
- Linux Plug and Play documentation.
power/
- directory with info on Linux PCI power management.
powerpc/
- directory with info on using Linux with the PowerPC.
preempt-locking.txt
- info on locking under a preemptive kernel.
printk-formats.txt
- how to get printk format specifiers right
prio_tree.txt
- info on radix-priority-search-tree use for indexing vmas.
rbtree.txt
- info on what red-black trees are and what they are for.
robust-futex-ABI.txt
- documentation of the robust futex ABI.
robust-futexes.txt
- a description of what robust futexes are.
rt-mutex-design.txt
- description of the RealTime mutex implementation design.
rt-mutex.txt
- desc. of RT-mutex subsystem with PI (Priority Inheritance) support.
rtc.txt
- notes on how to use the Real Time Clock (aka CMOS clock) driver.
s390/
- directory with info on using Linux on the IBM S390.
scheduler/
- directory with info on the scheduler.
scsi/
- directory with info on Linux scsi support.
security/
- directory that contains security-related info
serial/
- directory with info on the low level serial API.
serial-console.txt
- how to set up Linux with a serial line console as the default.
sgi-ioc4.txt
- description of the SGI IOC4 PCI (multi function) device.
sgi-visws.txt
- short blurb on the SGI Visual Workstations.
sh/
- directory with info on porting Linux to a new architecture.
sound/
- directory with info on sound card support.
sparc/
- directory with info on using Linux on Sparc architecture.
sparse.txt
- info on how to obtain and use the sparse tool for typechecking.
spi/
- overview of Linux kernel Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) support.
spinlocks.txt
- info on using spinlocks to provide exclusive access in kernel.
stable_api_nonsense.txt
- info on why the kernel does not have a stable in-kernel api or abi.
stable_kernel_rules.txt
- rules and procedures for the -stable kernel releases.
svga.txt
- short guide on selecting video modes at boot via VGA BIOS.
sysfs-rules.txt
- How not to use sysfs.
sysctl/
- directory with info on the /proc/sys/* files.
sysrq.txt
- info on the magic SysRq key.
telephony/
- directory with info on telephony (e.g. voice over IP) support.
unicode.txt
- info on the Unicode character/font mapping used in Linux.
unshare.txt
- description of the Linux unshare system call.
usb/
- directory with info regarding the Universal Serial Bus.
video-output.txt
- sysfs class driver interface to enable/disable a video output device.
video4linux/
- directory with info regarding video/TV/radio cards and linux.
vm/
- directory with info on the Linux vm code.
volatile-considered-harmful.txt
- Why the "volatile" type class should not be used
w1/
- directory with documents regarding the 1-wire (w1) subsystem.
watchdog/
- how to auto-reboot Linux if it has "fallen and can't get up". ;-)
x86/x86_64/
- directory with info on Linux support for AMD x86-64 (Hammer) machines.
zorro.txt
- info on writing drivers for Zorro bus devices found on Amigas.
This directory attempts to document the ABI between the Linux kernel and
userspace, and the relative stability of these interfaces. Due to the
everchanging nature of Linux, and the differing maturity levels, these
interfaces should be used by userspace programs in different ways.
We have four different levels of ABI stability, as shown by the four
different subdirectories in this location. Interfaces may change levels
of stability according to the rules described below.
The different levels of stability are:
stable/
This directory documents the interfaces that the developer has
defined to be stable. Userspace programs are free to use these
interfaces with no restrictions, and backward compatibility for
them will be guaranteed for at least 2 years. Most interfaces
(like syscalls) are expected to never change and always be
available.
testing/
This directory documents interfaces that are felt to be stable,
as the main development of this interface has been completed.
The interface can be changed to add new features, but the
current interface will not break by doing this, unless grave
errors or security problems are found in them. Userspace
programs can start to rely on these interfaces, but they must be
aware of changes that can occur before these interfaces move to
be marked stable. Programs that use these interfaces are
strongly encouraged to add their name to the description of
these interfaces, so that the kernel developers can easily
notify them if any changes occur (see the description of the
layout of the files below for details on how to do this.)
obsolete/
This directory documents interfaces that are still remaining in
the kernel, but are marked to be removed at some later point in
time. The description of the interface will document the reason
why it is obsolete and when it can be expected to be removed.
The file Documentation/feature-removal-schedule.txt may describe
some of these interfaces, giving a schedule for when they will
be removed.
removed/
This directory contains a list of the old interfaces that have
been removed from the kernel.
Every file in these directories will contain the following information:
What: Short description of the interface
Date: Date created
KernelVersion: Kernel version this feature first showed up in.
Contact: Primary contact for this interface (may be a mailing list)
Description: Long description of the interface and how to use it.
Users: All users of this interface who wish to be notified when
it changes. This is very important for interfaces in
the "testing" stage, so that kernel developers can work
with userspace developers to ensure that things do not
break in ways that are unacceptable. It is also
important to get feedback for these interfaces to make
sure they are working in a proper way and do not need to
be changed further.
How things move between levels:
Interfaces in stable may move to obsolete, as long as the proper
notification is given.
Interfaces may be removed from obsolete and the kernel as long as the
documented amount of time has gone by.
Interfaces in the testing state can move to the stable state when the
developers feel they are finished. They cannot be removed from the
kernel tree without going through the obsolete state first.
It's up to the developer to place their interfaces in the category they
wish for it to start out in.
What: /proc/<pid>/oom_adj
When: August 2012
Why: /proc/<pid>/oom_adj allows userspace to influence the oom killer's
badness heuristic used to determine which task to kill when the kernel
is out of memory.
The badness heuristic has since been rewritten since the introduction of
this tunable such that its meaning is deprecated. The value was
implemented as a bitshift on a score generated by the badness()
function that did not have any precise units of measure. With the
rewrite, the score is given as a proportion of available memory to the
task allocating pages, so using a bitshift which grows the score
exponentially is, thus, impossible to tune with fine granularity.
A much more powerful interface, /proc/<pid>/oom_score_adj, was
introduced with the oom killer rewrite that allows users to increase or
decrease the badness() score linearly. This interface will replace
/proc/<pid>/oom_adj.
A warning will be emitted to the kernel log if an application uses this
deprecated interface. After it is printed once, future warnings will be
suppressed until the kernel is rebooted.
What: /sys/bus/usb/devices/.../power/level
Date: March 2007
KernelVersion: 2.6.21
Contact: Alan Stern <stern@rowland.harvard.edu>
Description:
Each USB device directory will contain a file named
power/level. This file holds a power-level setting for
the device, either "on" or "auto".
"on" means that the device is not allowed to autosuspend,
although normal suspends for system sleep will still
be honored. "auto" means the device will autosuspend
and autoresume in the usual manner, according to the
capabilities of its driver.
During normal use, devices should be left in the "auto"
level. The "on" level is meant for administrative uses.
If you want to suspend a device immediately but leave it
free to wake up in response to I/O requests, you should
write "0" to power/autosuspend.
Device not capable of proper suspend and resume should be
left in the "on" level. Although the USB spec requires
devices to support suspend/resume, many of them do not.
In fact so many don't that by default, the USB core
initializes all non-hub devices in the "on" level. Some
drivers may change this setting when they are bound.
This file is deprecated and will be removed after 2010.
Use the power/control file instead; it does exactly the
same thing.
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